IF YOU CLICK ON ANY OF THE BUTTONS BELOW, YOU WILL BE REDIRECTED TO THE LINK IT DESCRIBES. World Wide Association of Specialty Programs and Schools (WWASPS) Academy at Dundee Ranch, Orotina, Costa Rica Academy at Ivy Ridge, Ogdensburg, NewYork Bell Academy, Terra Bella, California Bethel Academy, Lucedale, Mississippi Braveheart Academy, Due West, South Carolina Brightway Adolescent Hospital, St. George, Utah Canyon View Park, Trout Creek, Montana Carolina Springs Academy, Due West, South Carolina Casa by the Sea, Ensenada, Mexico Cross Creek Programs, La Verkin, Utah Darrington Academy, Blue Ridge, Georgia Gulf Coast Academy, Lucedale, Mississippi High Impact, Tecate, Mexico Horizon Academy, La Verkin, Utah Magnolia Christian School, Due West, South Carolina Majestic Ranch Academy, Randolph, Utah Mentor School, Tárcoles, Costa Rica MidWest Academy, Keokuk, Iowa Morava Academy, Brno, Czech Republic Northwest Academy, La Verkin, Utah Oceanside Teen Center, Tijuana, Mexico Old West Academy, Randolph, Utah Pacific Coast Academy, Apia, Samoa Palmetto Therapeutic Boarding School, Due West, South Carolina Paradise Cove, American, Samoa Pillars of Hope, Orotina, Costa Rica Royal George Academy, Canon City, Colorado Second Chance Ranch, Due West, South Carolina Seneca Ranch, Due West, South Carolina Sky View Christian Academy, Hawthorne, Nevada Southern Oaks Therapeutic Boarding School, Due West, South Carolina Spring Creek Lodge Academy, Thompson Falls, Montana Sunrise Beach, Cancún, Mexico Sunset Bay Academy, Tijuana, Mexico Tranquility Bay, Treasure Beach, Jamaica US Youth Services, Lecompte, Louisiana Woodland Hills Maternity Home, Woodland Hills, Utah “48 Hours ‘Tough Love’ Uncut W/original Commercials. 1998. Paradise Cove, Tranquility Bay, WWASP.” YouTube, uploaded by rocbola, 25 Oct. 2016. “Bay ‘Kidnap’ Case Pits Parents v. Teen.” Pound Pup Legacy, 6 Jan. 1998. Lee, Henry K. “Alameda County Seeks Return of Teen Sent to Rehab Camp.” SF Gate, 8 Jan. 1998. Lee, Henry K. “Parents had Right to Send Boy to Jamaica, Judge Rules / Reform School was Their Last Resort.” SF Gate, 21 Jan. 1998. Stryker, Jeff. “Word for Word/Teenage Treatment Programs; Sorry to Wake you, Honey. They’re Coming to Take You Away.” The New York Times, 1 Feb. 1998. O’neill, Anne-marie. “Camp Fear.” People, 3 Aug. 1998. “Too-Tough Love?” Forbes, 22 Mar. 1999. Cohen, Adam. “Is This A Camp Or Jail?” TIME, 24 June 2001. Delaney, Robin. “Litchfield Responds to Accusations.” Mississippi Valley Publishing, 24 Dec. 2002. Weiner, Tim. “Parents, Shopping for Discipline, Turn to Harsh Programs Abroad.” The New York Times, 9 May 2003. Dahlburg, John-Thor. “Key to His Schools’ Success? It’s God, Founder Says.” The Los Angeles Times, 13 July 2003. Scheff, Sue. “WWASPS Lawsuit Fails to Silence Critical Parent.” Unmarried America, 8 Aug. 2004. Rowe, Raphael. “Locked in Paradise.” BBC, 7 Dec. 2004. YouTube, uploaded by Cerulean Productions, 13 May 2012. Warburton, Nicole. “Boarding School Ordered to Refund Tuition.” Deseret News, 19 Aug. 2005. “Troubled Teen Programs - 25 Plaintiffs Join in Lawsuit Against WWASPS, Cross Creek Manor, Robert Lichfield, and Associates – More Expected to Join In.” Web Wire, 16 Oct. 2006. Burr, Thomas. “Utahn Stays on Campaign Despite Abuse Allegations.” Pound Pup Legacy, 21 June 2007. Burr, Thomas. “Top Utah Money Man Leaves Romney Campaign.” The Salt Lake Tribune, 6 Sept. 2007. “Operation Liberation: A Message from Anonymous to WWASP.” YouTube, uploaded by M Cast, 21 Aug. 2011. “Dr. Drew Endorses Diamond Ranch Academy.” WWASP Survivors, 6 Mar. 2012. “WWASPS Focus on MidWest Academy.” 26 Dec. 2012. Szalavitz, Maia. “Did a ‘Troubled Teen’ Rehab Create Murderers?” em>The Fix, 2 June 2013. Williams, Timothy. “Students Recall Special Schools Run Like Jails.” The New York Times, 23 July 2013. “Montel.” YouTube, uploaded by KidsOfElPaso, 3 Nov. 2013. Higginbottom, Justin. “Reform School Survivors Allege Abuse of their Personal Files Too.” Al Jazeera America, 31 Oct. 2014. Linder, Ricky. “Therapeutic Child Abuse and the Need for Change.” US Represented, 1 Dec. 2014. “Paradise Cove Samoa Dateline NBC.” YouTube, uploaded by Paul Richards, 28 Jan. 2016. Rood, Lee. “MidWest Founder Helped Create Troubled-Teens Industry.” Des Moines Register, 16 Apr. 2016. “WWASP Propaganda Videos Program Marketing B.S. Program Promotional.” YouTube, uploaded by Programs that Abuse Kids, 30 Sept. 2016. “Primetime News Report on Tranquility Bay WWASP Late 90's.” YouTube, uploaded by Programs that Abuse Kids, 4 Oct. 2016. Rood, Lee. “Parents of Abused MidWest Academy Students Pursue Founder.” Des Moines Register, 15 Apr. 2017. Rood, Lee. “Iowa Boarding School Owner Forced Student into Sex, Felony Complaint Says.” Des Moines Register, 8 Sept. 2017. Sneider, Isabel. “The Troubled Teen Industry: The Politics of Abuse Within Therapeutic Boarding Schools.” Medium, 13 Dec. 2017. “Child Abuse Conviction at Bethel Baptist Boys Academy, a WWASP Program.” YouTube, uploaded by Awesome Wednesday, 28 Dec. 2017. Shukman, Harry. “Inside the ‘Troubled Teen’ School so Disturbing it still gives Ex-students Nightmares.” Babe, 27 July 2018. Echavarria, Tabitha. The Effects of WWASPS Institutionalization on the Lives of Troubled Teens: A Retrospective Qualitative Analysis. 2019. Widener University, PhD dissertation. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. “WWASPS Programs: If It Bleeds, It Leads.” All Kinds of Therapy, 12 Dec. 2019. “Bethel Documentary Short.” YouTube, uploaded by Session Seven, 31 Jan. 2020. “Part 1: Washington Survivors of Bethel Boys Academy Speak Out About Abuse.” YouTube, uploaded by KING 5, 5 Feb. 2020. “Part 2: Washington Survivors of Bethel Academy Hope Documentary on Abuse Inspires Change.” YouTube, uploaded by KING 5, 6 Feb. 2020. Dwilson, Stephanie Dube. “MidWest Academy: 5 Facts You Need to Know.” Heavy, 8 Apr. 2021.